Wednesday, January 22, 2025

Words Not Deeds



*Note: Today's post was originally posted on the Patreon! Join to get early posts on top of podcast episodes and new book serializations!*


Today's going to be a little bit of a reflection. Take it with a grain of salt, but I usually talk like this when trying to figure things out internally.

A long time ago it used to be well understood that what you did is what mattered. No matter what bluster you had behind your words, no matter how many wheels you greased, and no matter how many popular buzzwords you spoke to get your foot in the door, in the end it came down to what you did. You couldn't rest on puffing yourself up forever to gather audience attention. If you didn't act, it didn't matter. And we would ourselves back up our beliefs by holding such people's feet to the fire to ensure that they acted.

In other words, we valued the truth, and we valued those who fought for it. If you were a faker, you would get found out soon enough.

That doesn't happen so much anymore. Instead we let anyone above us do what they want as if they simply need to repeat the right codewords and they can have carte blanche to run roughshod over whatever or whoever they want. Simply look at any legacy industry and see them being run into the ground by these exact people these days. Nothing is growing, it's all shrinking. It ties in to our obsession with surface level aesthetic and appearances over proper depth and meaning. Juvenile and shallow. It's no coincidence such folk communicate mainly with teenage snark and prepubescent name-calling. This is who we let in the door, juvenile and bitter.

Who cares if the Superdude comic (this is a general example, not literal) has him murdering and dehumanizing large swaths of the population through silly speeches--it is a comic produced by DC Comics, therefore you need to swallow and accept it as scripture. Meaningless words. None of it has value. But it does send signals to the right people, and that's all that matters. The connection is gone, now it's all lectures.

Everyone seems to know it, but no one really has answer. After all, how do you compete against an industry that simply isn't interested in you? You can't, really. All you can do is vote with your feet, as the saying goes.

And it seems like exactly that is happening.

But, at the same time, who am I to complain about such things? Am I not doing exactly what I'm complaining about above? As a writer, am I not the purest example of words and not deeds? In a sense, yes, and that is one of the many reasons writers no longer command the same sort of respect they once did. We wasted our opportunity and lost the audience's trust. Too few are unwilling to put their money where their mouth is and it has lead to ruin. All we have to do is say the bare minimum of buzzwords and get all the rewards and kudos, or so we think. There's more to left than momentary profit, and we all realize that on some level.

Any man or woman who creates has a duty to use their creation to try and understand more about themselves and others. They must move outward from inward. The other choice is to either pander to the lowest common denominator or to produce propaganda to drag others down, neither of which is art--it is a grab at respectability with the in-crowd, whatever in-crowd that might be, in order to fit in with some pre-established group. This is the perfect example of words instead of deeds. It is about what you say and not what you do. This is anti-art and therefore should be discouraged. Unfortunately, in the modern age, this is the default way of being and is very much encouraged. Unfortunately, it is to our detriment.

Now we desire those buzzwords and ingroups more than we desire art or Truth, and it has led to a giant mess of an industry no one can believe in anymore.

So how does one change that? How do we reverse course this late in the game? How do we do it when no one in charge wishes to listen?

More so, how does one become someone whose words are meant to explain their own actions to others instead of lecturing or pandering instead? How do you avoid talking at others and forcing yourself down their throats instead of just communicating and presenting your ideas for consideration with insistence of acceptance? How does one avoid tripping over that line and losing their way in a medium that incentives losing your way to begin with? There is no guidebook or manual for this kind of thing, after all. It's all so very confusing.

I say this because it has gotten to the point that I don't think I properly understand how to bridge words with actions anymore. I thought I did, but it's only gotten more complicated as I've gotten older and as the industry has gotten more blunt and surface level. How much of myself is to be put into what I say before it just becomes jabbering nonsense detached from actions? When does it cross the line into being real and not foolish hopes or projections onto others?

When do I lose connection and begin drifting off into the void, never to return? That's something I think about a lot.

Many have wondered why I tend to avoid using larger words in my writings, those the ones intellectuals pepper their own works with to sum up larger thoughts, and the reason is that I want to remain crystal clear in what I say to as many people as possible. I don't want to rely on stopgaps, especially when such stopgaps are so easily weaponized these days.

While words matter, so too does the intent behind what we say with them. I do not want to waste them on filter words and cobbled together codewords for a select few who have the matching code rings to decipher them. I want to reach as many as possible, and I don't think it can be done by purposely obscuring my meaning with unneeded clutter. I could be wrong about that, but at this point I think it's the only path forward for me. I have to find a new way forward somehow.


Does anyone, these days?


I've written before about slogans and the insidious way they can be used to kill communication, but that is because of how powerful words are to begin with. They can persuade and they can inspire and, under the right conditions, can also manipulate and destroy. Sticks and stones may break your bones but words will be the motivator for them to be used against you in the first place. Therefore we should take them seriously and learn what they're for, and how to use them in better ways.

Perhaps this post is a call for responsibility among those who use words, much like they are for any other weapon. I know I need that reminder a lot. You need a license for most weapons, but you don't need anything for words. I suppose the closest thing would be "credibility" which is given by publishers or editors these days, in rapidly decreasing amounts. But aside from that, it's free game. And there isn't any way to control who gets influenced by what, as OldPub is very quickly learning. We're all speaking into the void these days, and that does not seem to be changing.

So what is my role as a writer? How do I shape my words into deeds? Can I live the lives my protagonists do, even from my comparatively less exciting existence? Is my way of acting through art used to inspire or to build up? To do it the right way?

There are always a lot of questions, but asking questions is a lot easier than finding answers. It's especially difficult to find answers when no one is on the same page anymore. These days it's a free-for-all, and I'm not convinced that's entirely a good thing.

I don't want to puff my own chest up too much, merely try to figure out how art crosses the line from posturing into accomplishing. Accomplish what, you may ask? I can't really say. Perhaps the expression it wishes to get across from artist to audience. There is a reason for all art, just like everything else. Figuring that reason out, however, is the problem, especially for someone like myself who is not the quickest or sharpest. If it was so easy our industries wouldn't be falling apart as we speak because of their complete inability to do anything but posture. There has to be an answer out there beyond what we've been doing.

What that is, however, is the question.

The Phantom War serialization and the Cannon Cruisers podcast, for instance, are my way of filtering all the influences I had growing up into a coherent world that makes sense of it all in the present. I hope I'm getting that feeling across, but telling a story, and talking about them, is the only way I can do so. Finding that undefinable thing that strikes, that hits deep in a way that remains with you, and then trying to explain it to others is a hard task to accomplish. It might just be a fun action story of adventure, but it still means everything in the world to me. Why does that connect so much? All I can do is as the question over and over, trying to find the answer.

Perhaps that's the point? Can't say that I know. The whole purpose of this post is to try and understand it, after all. I'm not sure if I'm any closer now than when I started, but at least I gave it a try. I can't do much else but try. That's what most of us are doing in this ever fluctuating scene: simply trying to find out way forward.

Things change as you get older, as we all know very well, but it's what sticks with you as you age that starts to mean more to you as you contemplate your mortality and where it is you're heading towards. If a silly movie like Bloodsport has stuck with me since I was a young runt, there is probably a reason it has lasted so long where something like, say, Care Bears, has not. What is it that sticks, that refuses to go away, that which sticks with you through the wild times rippling around us? That's what I want to find, and that's what I want to show to others.

And if I can do the same with my own work then all the better. All I can do is to try harder and hope it works out better next time.

Maybe that's what action is to a writer: striving to express the truth no matter what gets in the way. Who knows, but I'm going to figure it out, even if it takes ages. It's all I can do.

Hey, it's just going to take a whole lifetime, that's all. No big deal! Not like I have anything better to do with this skill I've been given. Here's hoping we can all connect more as we try to figure it all out. In the end, that's what we're all here together for, right?






Check out the mass release of Adrian Cole's "The Dream Lords," out today! Mankind and its empire spanning the Nine Worlds are ruled by a powerful triumvirate of long-lived dreamers: the Dream Lords! Think Dune if it were a comedy (in the traditional sense) instead of tragedy!

Saturday, January 18, 2025

Weekend Lounge ~ Winter Stories



Welcome to the weekend! We're about halfway through the longest (and slowest) month of the year, but there are a few pieces of news to share so deep into the season. 

I've been spending most of my free time getting some stories in the can before I finally return to Phantom War and dive into that for the majority of my 2025 writing output. This is the best time of the year to get extra stuff done because it is the one least likely to contain nasty derailing surprises in life to get you off track, and, so far that's been working out.

Related to that, I guess I can announce here that I've been accepted to Mistcreek Tales and the related Pulp Rock anthologies with my stories "Lightning Jim" and "Spirt Rock," respectively. The former is the first in a new series of shorts about a nameless protagonist in the 2000s wandering through the backroads on the way to his destination. The second is the fourth and longest story so far in the Night Rhythm series about a traveling band in the distant future. Each of the other three starred a different band member. This one? It has all of them. These are stories I'm very excited to finally share with you. So look forward to those!

There's also been a new episode of the podcast put up. This one I decided to talk a bit about an author I don't like very much, though it is not so much on a technical level but a deeper one. I discuss Stephen King here in the newest episode.

For the weather, January is also known to be the most miserable, cold and snow-covered to contrast with the time that is supposed to be the most promising for change in the year ahead. So today's video is about a place known for its terrible winter weather, the cold white north. Enjoy three stories about the old Catholic Quebec as it deals with the frosted unknown threatening to tear into beyond their walls. When we say the old stories have more to do with the pulps than you'd think, this is what we mean. These tales of the past may hint at the future bearing down on the road ahead, too. Food for thought, I suppose.

Quick update on Cannon Cruisers: we're working on new episodes and will have one up this weekend in the middle of January to tide you over. January is always the month we slow down, for obvious reasons, and this year isn't any different. We've got some fun stuff ahead, though, so hopefully it'll be ready to go by February.

Anyway, have yourself a relaxing January weekend and see you soon.

This is going to be a wild year!








Saturday, January 11, 2025

Weekend Lounge ~ Animated Past



Welcome back! I hope the new year is working out well for you!

For 2025's first proper post, lets take a look at the above video. It shows a bit of the evolution and changes of the animation industry in both the US and Japanese animation industries. Why certain things happened and why others did not. It's more of a general summary and history, so you won't get specific details on certain things, but the general gist of why things happened the way they did. Worth the watch just for the comparison.

That said, the main thrust of it can be gathered pretty clearly. Japan thought of animation as a medium to explore with stories and new techniques while the US never really considered animation as anything but kid stuff. This didn't change as the years went on. Even the "adult" animation we talk about these days was simply "adult" because it was subversive and winking at you that it was doing what it was because it was playing in a "kid" medium. As a consequence, exceptions aside, it never really grew up. It neve really wanted to.

I'll go a bit further than the video and name at least one of the culprits. If you've read here for a while than you probably know who I'm going to blame.

The US industry was also run by secular prudes like Peggy Charren since near the beginning, and this is an unavoidable subject. People that fought for complete censorship (No shooting villains, showing blood or death) for children while simultaneously fighting for complete freedom for adults to watch everything short of (and it would eventually include) pornography after a certain timeslot for adults. Where such people got the idea that poison stopped negatively affected you just because you turned a certain age is a mystery, but also completely nonsensical for moral crusaders to believe in. This is what happens when your morality is empty on the base of it. This helped contribute to the oddly stunted maturity of the industry that never really, and still hasn't, ever tried to grow up. This is what has led it into the wall it crashed into some time ago.

Of course, Japan has its own issues with over-corporatization and an increasingly rigid reliance on tired formulas, but it doesn't change that their base is still a lot stronger under them. They can still make things like Pluto or Frieren. This side of the pond can't make anything but "Billion dollar corpo/ nostalgia franchise slathered in late 20th century grey morality" which runs out of steam incredibly fast every time. The only new thing it has is cramming ever-changing modern sexual morality into whatever they do to make it more predictable. It cannot compete with the East, and we all know it. It can't even compete with its own past, at this juncture.

The most exciting US animation is entirely underground at this point and done by people who are passionate about the medium in a way the mainstream simply isn't (some examples here), despite how the individual workers might feel. The US isn't hopeless or finished in regards to the medium, but they are behind, and thankfully the newer generation, the one least enthralled with nostalgic throwbacks to dead days and constant subversion, are looking ahead. They are the ones who will steer the ship in the right direction.

Despite what the tone of this post might indicate, I am vey optimistic for the future of the medium, but I do think all the more interesting projects at this point (particularly in regards to the US) are coming from the younger generation in the indie sphere. Such seems to be the case for a lot of things these days, but it's particularly true here.

What we need going forward is our entertainment industries run by people who not only want to push things to the next level, but also hold no bitterness towards the past; people who think art has a meaning or purpose being consuming or giving the finger to someone they are bitter towards. Create something new, something fresh, and want to show it to both the young and old. Art can bring us together, it does not always have to divide or tear down.

Until we figure that out, I'm afraid a lot of industries are just going to remain stuck. So here's hoping 2025 is the year we make strides to turn that around.

Thanks for joining me in this fresh new year! It's going to be a good one.






Tuesday, December 31, 2024

Thanks for 2024!



One last go for 2024! It's been a strange year for me so I'd like to go over some of it. Enjoy the wild video above and then stay for the rest of the post.

I should also say that the next episode of the Letters from the Wasteland podcast is up on the Patreon. The topic is AI and it's both an hour long and the first of a two-parter, so be sure to check that one out. It went on a bit longer than I was expecting it to. The second part will be out next week.

Also, in case you missed the recent update, I'm in the next issue of Cirsova out next month. We're starting 2025 off with a bang!

All that aside, the last year has been a bit wild for me. I had a very unexpected upheaval in my personal life the exact moment I put up the Patreon and yet at the same time still tried to simultaneously keep this place updated (keeping Cannon Cruisers, Wasteland & Sky, AND the Substack all updated was a bit of a time sink) along with making sure I was writing wasn't the easiest. You know what they say, everything always seems to hit at once.

Though, despite all of that, I did manage to put out my two books for the year. The first was Star Wanderers (please leave a review on amazon if you have not) and the second was Phantom Mission on the Patreon, on top of the short stories in Sidearm & Sorcery Volume Three, Cirsova #20, and Silence & Starsong #4. Despite the increase in distractions, my output remained more or less the same. I've also got stories coming for 2025, as well as others in the can for 2026(!). Yes, I plan on doing this for the long haul.

My plan going forward for 2025 is going to be a bit different, though not that crazy or out there. I'm planning to take the early months of the year, which are typically dead activity-wise anyway, to focus purely on writing and editing. For my two books in 2025 I'm planning to finish off Phantom War on the Patreon with Book 2 and 3, and finally release Book 1 wide on places like Amazon after getting to the edits I've still got to attend to. Like I said, there's a backlog of stuff I have to get through and some things I still have to figure out. Perhaps a Kickstarter for Phantom Mission to get a nice illustrated cover? We will see. That is still a bit of a ways out as of this writing.

On the other side of the spectrum, I have a few short stories already submitted and waiting to release, and others on the side waiting for submissions to open (including some by request, so it's really a waiting game for a lot of this). Writing-wise, I have a few short stories I absolutely must get done ASAP to complete a few projects and then start planning on the next ones. The first quarter of the year is going to be a heavy focus on all of those above all else, then hopefully business as usual once spring rolls around and my schedule can return to normal. Or I suppose as normal as a writer's schedule can get, anyway.

In other words, there is a lot on the way, and a lot I've got to get through sooner than later. That's a warning that blog posting will still be a bit slower for awhile, in order for me to catch up with myself, but it'll still exist. I enjoy the weekend lounge posts, and I hope to continue those. Longer posts will still go up on the Patreon first before coming out here at least a month later. Keeping all of this in balance is going to be a bit of a challenge, but that's part of the fun.

Otherwise, the plan is business as usual. 2025 will feature me still chugging along, God Willing, and putting out some projects I've been very excited for. There's a few things I'm very eager to get done and show you. It's going to be a fun time.

That's all for this year. 2024 has been a weird one, and I am a bit sad to see it go, oddly enough, but there's good times ahead. I'm excited to see what's coming down the pike.

Also, before I forget, thank you very much for 10 years of Wasteland & Sky! Yes, it's been over a decade since I started this journey. I never expected my original stomping grounds would last so long, even with alternative sites like the Substack around now.

I appreciate anyone who has taken time out of their day to stop by, even if you haven't been around long. It's been a long ride this past decade, and I hope to continue on for at least another ten years more. I've got plenty of things to do, and I hope you'll join me as I get through it.

Merry Christmas and Happy New Years, everyone!

Have a great holiday. You deserve it.






Monday, December 30, 2024

Early 2025 Surprise!

Coming out next month!


Just got word of this, so wanted to put it out before the year wraps up! This is the cover reveal for the first issue of Cirsova for 2025. Notice a familiar name on there? That is because my story, "Void Railway", is in the issue. 

For those curious, it is a Galactic Enforcer story that is a bit different from the previous ones you might have read. For one, though he is in it, Ronan Renfield is not the main character. Instead we follow a gruffer more violent Enforcer named Brandon Stone as an escort mission goes awry. Just what is waiting out there in the gap between the stars?

I had a lot of fun writing this story, and Alex from Cirsova himself told me it was his favorite of the ones I've written for him, so please be sure to check it out when the Spring issue releases in January. Throw in the other great authors above and you've got a lot of bang for your buck. As always, you can never go wrong with an issue of Cirsova.

Once the preorder link goes live I will be sure to post it on Wasteland & Sky as always. I've got plenty of other things ahead for 2025, but this was one last surprise needed to be shown. Just look at that cool cover by Wistmoor Studio! It's fantastic stuff.

Thanks for reading and I'll be back soon with one last update for the year!






Saturday, December 28, 2024

Weekend Lounge ~ Cruising at the End of the Century



Welcome to the weekend! It's the last go around for 2024!

For the last Weekend Lounge post of the year I wanted to introduce you to the Cannon Cruisers YouTube channel. This one isn't actually run by me, but my co-host, and, as a result has a more modern look than the rest of our channels. It's not up to date, but the channel will be slowly updated as we have the time.

It's another alternative to check out the Cannon Cruisers, if that's the kind of thing you're interested in. We talk old b-movies, discover old classics (and not-so classics), and have a lot of fun along the way. We've been doing it for over half a decade at this point, surprising both of us. What started as a lark turned into a long term side project for both of us. I don't think we'll be stopping anytime soon. There's plenty to go over.

We've covered over 300 movies since we started, by the way. You can peruse what we covered on our Letterboxd page here.

Uploads on the YouTube channel are not our first priority right now, so if you want to keep up I highly recommend going straight to the blog itself. It was the first place we set up camp and I make sure to update it every week or when there's a new episode up.

As always, check out the Cannon Cruisers if you like or are interested in old movies and want some fun.

Completely unrelated to that, I was recently fooling around with AI music again, and concocted the following EP. It is related to a writing project I've been slowly trying to puzzle out of my end of the year brain.

The idea was to create an EP that matched the weird dour tone at the end of the 1990s and early 2000s before 9/11 or even Columbine really changed the mood permanently. I specifically chose third wave ska to do this with because of how much the genre changed over the decade and I wanted to see if I could push it in a different direction than it went in reaction to the Telecommunications Act of 1996 and the resulting Clear Channel monopoly which more or less banned it and other genres of the time from the radio. So it's an oddly reflective piece on endings since there was a lot of that as we were leaving the 1900s behind at the time.

In other words, I wanted to grab a mood that existed with a sound that didn't. Where could it have gone if things went differently? Who knows. I tried to puzzle it out here. It was an interesting little project to try out because I could almost imagine it existing, even though it didn't. and in retrospect it's kind of eerie, which I suppose was the point.

Here is the album cover:


The EP is here!


The album starts with the skate-punk inspired sound the decade started with before changing over the course of the album to being more in line with the more confident style it had by the end of the 90s when it broke into the mainstream. Where could it have gone after this, we'll never know. It was cast out of the club and most of the bands either abandoned the style or deliberately went insular, crashing the genre in the '00s.

This is a bit of a what-if, I guess.

As for how it relates into my writing, well, you probably won't see that for awhile, but a lot of it is based on a story cycle I've had in my head for awhile and have been trying to write down for about as long. So if you see lyrical motifs or lines show up in stories later on, you'll know where they first showed up. It's been strange cobbling this together. I've never quite done anything like this before, so it's been strange figuring it out.

But, really, just have fun with it. Enjoy the music, download it, remix it, or ignore it. Love it, hate it, or be indifferent. Whatever you want. It's a bit of an experiment to help me with inspiration for something else, so it's all meant in good fun. Don't take it too seriously!

Enjoy the Northbound Lights, a band that might or might not have existed from an era long gone that increasingly few remember. There's always something we can learn from those forgotten days. In this case, I don't know. I just felt like doing something strange and off the wall. You can find the End of the Century EP for free here. It might be a bit different than you're expecting, especially if you only know the genre from its oft-mocked tropes.

And that's all for this week!

Enjoy the last week of the year and I will see you soon enough!






Wednesday, December 25, 2024

Merry Christmas!



Merry Christmas! Not much to say today thanks to the holiday, just a small post to keep things rolling. I hope you're having a good one.

Only two things to share today. The first is the above video on weird Christmas stories, and the second is today's Cannon Cruisers episode, also on a Christmas movie. I'm sure there's much more out there, but this is all I wanted to share directly with you.

The film we covered is 1971's The Christmas Martian, a fairly unknown family film from Canada, that did, however, have much more influence on what came later than you probably know. Highly recommend listening to this one if you enjoy Christmas and/or family movies. It's quite a unique project work looking into.

Anyway, that's all for today. Have a good week and a good rest and I'll see you this weekend. 2024 is almost done, but we've still got plenty to do.

Merry Christmas! Have a blessed day.






Saturday, December 21, 2024

Weekend Lounge ~ Strange World



Welcome to the weekend!

This time we're going to take a look back at someone who was an infamous internet figure years ago before his unfortunate early death. Because this is the Advent season, just before Christmas proper, I tend to like to remind myself as to why I'm doing the sort of thing I am by looking at examples of those who have done just that despite the disadvantages we sometimes stumble through. I this case however, the handicap was much more intense.

Terry A. Davis was an eccentric programmer who created the operating system known as TempleOS. He started his life as a hardcore materialist, like a lot of people who grew up in the mid-20th century, before he began to see the world as a much different place. A genius programmer who only got better with time, he tried to contact the government for work and something happened as a result that has never been fully clarified, which ended up changing the course of his life. He didn't become a Steve Jobs, Wozniak, or Gates, instead becoming someone much different. Considering how those figures eccentric Silicon Valley type ended up, maybe there was something to what Terry went through and would later discuss.

At the same time as this was happening, Terry's mental health and well being was declining in that it became difficult for him to express himself properly and even communicate with those around him. No one really knows where this came from, because it seemed to happen out of the blue. This newly atomized existence for Terry allowed him to become a sort of figure for both simultaneous ridicule and admiration as he tried to hold it together despite all the factors working against him to live as the person he needed to be. This was who he was until the day he died in an unfortunate train accident many years later.


Terry's legacy, TempleOS, can be found here!


This isn't a happy story in the modern sense, but there is something inspiring in this tale that is hard to pin down if you are a materialist. There was a clarity through the obfuscation, and a meaning in the seeming meaninglessness to what defined him. It can't really be described without seeing what he was like for yourself. There was no one like Terry A. Davis, for good and bad, but he is still very much missed to this day, which is a good indicator of how much he actually was liked by those who followed him, in the end.

If I'm burying the lede here, it is because I don't want to warp the reason I'm talking about him in the first place. Yes, Terry could be very funny, both intentionally and unintentionally. Problems or not, he was just a very animated guy, and he said a lot of offensive things while trying to express his thoughts despite working against his own disabilities. But none of that really matters when you look back on a lot of what he was actually speaking about underneath the funny words and over the top expressions the internet lives for and enshrines as memes for future generations. Much of what Terry figured out ended up coming true and it's amazing that he did so despite the problems he suffered with throughout his life.

Few people actually disliked Terry A. Davis, even less have as time has passed and since his unfortunate accidental death at a much too young age. Despite the problems he fought against that piled against him as he aged, and despite the memes that followed in his wake, there is something about Terry A. Davis that sticks with those of us who have been around since the early internet as something as both a warning and a Cassandra to things that would happen and are now occurring in the modern age. Terry was right, God truly does speak to us all the time. We just have to listen.

Check out the video above if you want a good summary on who this figure is and why he endures to this day, and how he figured out the glowies long before anyone else ever did despite the disadvantages he had in life. All he had was his trust in Jesus Christ and the skills he was blessed with, and that is all he leaned on as he navigated a world he knew he didn't belong in.

If you want more information about Terry A. Davis, there's plenty out there, including an X account that posts images and blog entries from TempleOS that you can find here. Terry is an interesting figure and one that still manages to inspire to this day for a very good reason.

That's all for this weekend and I will see you again soon!

Remember, always run the glowies down with your car. It's the only way to be sure.